Ñîñòàâèòåëü: ñòàðøèé ïðåïîäàâàòåëü êàôåäðû ìàòåìàòèêè è åñòåñòâåííûõ äèñöèïëèí Ìóêîâîç Þ.Â.                                          Äàòà: 20.12.2000 ã.

“Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå îêèñëåíèå è åãî ðîëü äëÿ æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ.”

 

1.Èñòîðè÷åñêèé îáçîð.

Ëàâóàçüå ïðèíàäëåæèò èçâåñòíàÿ ôðàçà: “ Æèçíü - ýòî ìåäëåííîå ãîðåíèå”. Îí â 1774 ãîäó óñòàíîâèë, ÷òî ãîðåíèå îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ ïîäîáíî ïðîöåññó äûõàíèÿ:

Ñ6Í12Î6 + 6 Î2 = 6 ÑÎ2 + 6 Í2Î + 2.400 êäæ

Ïðè äûõàíèè:

íå ïðîèñõîäèò âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ âûñîêèõ òåìïåðàòóð;

íå âîçíèêàåò ïëàìÿ;

ïðîèñõîäèò â ïðèñóòñòâèè âîäû.

Âñêîðå áûëî âûÿñíåíî, ÷òî äûõàíèå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ êàæäîé êëåòêè (êëåòî÷íîå èëè òêàíåâîå äûõàíèå).

 1897 ãîäó Áàõ âûäâèíóë òåîðèþ àêòèâàöèè êèñëîðîäà ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì ïåðåêèñíûõ ñîåäèíåíèé. Àêòèâàöèÿ ïðîèñõîäèò ñ ïîìîùüþ îêñèãåíàç (ëåãêî îêèñëÿåìûõ âåùåñòâ). Çàòåì àêòèâíàÿ ôîðìà êèñëîðîäà ïåðåäà¸òñÿ òðóäíî îêèñëÿåìûì âåùåñòâàì. Ýòî ïåðåêèñíàÿ òåîðèÿ îêèñëåíèÿ.

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 1908 ãîäó Ïàëëàäèí âûäâèíóë ñâîþ òåîðèþ îêèñëåíèÿ, â êîòîðîé áîëüøóþ ðîëü â ýòîì ïðîöåññå  èãðàåò âîäîðîä. Îí ñ÷èòàë, ÷òî â îêèñëåíèè îðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ ïðèíèìàþò ó÷àñòèå ïèãìåíòû. Èõ îêèñëåííàÿ ôîðìà îêðàøåíà, à ïîñëå ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ âîäîðîäà ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â íåîêðàøåííóþ ôîðìó.  îñíîâå âñåõ ïèãìåíòîâ ëåæèò õèíîí:

 

 

         ÕÈÍÎÍ                                                                  ÃÈÄÐÎÕÈÍÎÍ

              Π                                                                                   ÎÍ

              II                                                                                     I            

              Ñ                                                                                    ÑÍ            

            / \        âîññòàíîâëåííûé                   îêèñëåííûé              /\\

       ÍÑ     ÑÍ +     ñóáñòðàò                            ñóáñòðàò       +   ÍÑ     ÑÍ      

          II     II             À Í2                                  À                    II      I     

       ÍÑ     ÑÍ                                                                       ÍÑ      ÑÍ            

            \ /                                                                                 \//                

              Ñ                                                                                   ÑÍ

 

 

 

  

 

 

   ÃÈÄÐÎÕÈÍÎÍ                                                ÕÈÍÎÍ

             ÎÍ                                                                Π       

    I                                                                    II

              Ñ                                                                  Ñ

            /\\                                                              / \               

       ÍÑ     ÑÍ                                                      ÍÑ    ÑÍ

          II      I         +      0,5 Î2                                 II     II        +   Í2Π             

       ÍÑ     ÑÍ                                                       ÍÑ    ÑÍ

            \//                                                               \ /                                                 

              Ñ                                                                  Ñ             

     I                                                                   II                                

              ÎÍ                                                               Î

 

Òàêèì îáðàçîì â íà÷àëå XX âåêà ñëîæèëèñü äâå êîíöåïöèè áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îêèñëåíèÿ:

1).×åðåç àêòèâàöèþ Î2.

2).×åðåç àêòèâàöèþ Í2.

 1928 ãîäó ýòè äâå êîíöåïöèè îáúåäèíèëèñü áëàãîäàðÿ îòêðûòèþ ôåðìåíòà öèòîõðîìîêñèäîðåäóêòàçû. Áûëî âûÿñíåíî, ÷òî ýòè äâà ïðîöåññà âçàèìîñâÿçàíû è ìåæäó íèìè ëåæàò àíñàìáëè ôåðìåíòîâ (äåãèäðîãåíàçíûé àíñàìáëü ôåðìåíòîâ).

2. Ñîâðåìåííûå ïîçèöèè áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îêèñëåíèÿ.

 Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå îêèñëåíèå – ýòî ïåðåíîñ àòîìîâ âîäîðîäà îò îêèñëÿåìîãî âåùåñòâà íàâñòðå÷ó  êèñëîðîäó ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì âîäû â êà÷åñòâå êîíå÷íîãî ïðîäóêòà ðåàêöèè. Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå îêèñëåíèå îáåñïå÷èâàåò îðãàíèçì ýíåðãèåé (îñíîâíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ).

 

Ôóíêöèè  áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îêèñëåíèÿ:

I. Äåòîêñèêàöèÿ  êñåíîáèîòèêîâ                II. Óñòðàíåíèå øëàêîâ

III. Ñèíòåç ìåòàáîëèòîâ                              IY. Ðåãóëÿöèÿ îáìåíà âåùåñòâ

                                         

Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå

    îêèñëåíèå

                                                   

Y. Ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîå îáåñïå÷åíèå

                        

 

Ïîääåðæàíèå                         Áèîñèíòåç                                 Ýëåêòðè÷åñêèå

òåìïåðàòóðû                                                                                ïðîöåññû

 òåëà                 Ñâå÷åíèå ó                           Îñìîòè÷åñêèå                             Ìåõàíè÷åñêàÿ

                         íåêîòîðûõ                                 ÿâëåíèÿ                                         ðàáîòà

                       æèâîòíûõ

 

 

 

Ýíåðãåòèêà ïðîöåññîâ îêèñëåíèÿ:

 ïðîöåññå îêèñëåíèÿ âûäåëÿåòñÿ ýíåðãèÿ, à â ïðîöåññå äûõàíèÿ – òåïëî.

Òåïëî íå ìîæåò  áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî äëÿ âûïîëíåíèÿ ìåõàíè÷åñêîé ðàáîòû, áèîñèíòåçà, äëÿ ñíÿòèÿ íàñëåäñòâåííîé èíôîðìàöèè. Ïðè äûõàíèè âûðàáàòûâàåòñÿ ýíåðãèÿ, çàêëþ÷åííàÿ â õèìè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçÿõ, îíà è èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ áèîõèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ. Íî ñàìè âåùåñòâà òîïëèâîì íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ,  îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîñòàâùèêàìè ïðîòîíà è ýëåêòðîíà. Ýíåðãèþ íåñåò ýëåêòðîí (ýíåðãèÿ ñîëíöà). Îíà âûäåëÿåòñÿ ýëåêòðîíîì, êîãäà îí ïðîõîäèò ÷åðåç ýëåêòðîííî-òðàíñïîðòíóþ ñèñòåìó (ÝÒÑ). Ýíåðãèÿ âûäåëÿåòñÿ ïîðöèÿìè. Ïîñðåäíèêàìè ìåæäó ÝÒÑ è ìåñòîì ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ýíåðãèè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìàêðîýðãè÷åñêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Ýòî òàêèå ñîåäèíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ñîäåðæàò ìàêðîýðãè÷åñêóþ ñâÿçü( ñâÿçü, ïðè ãèäðîëèçå êîòîðîé âûäåëÿåòñÿ ýíåðãèÿ ):

à) ñîåäèíåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå åíîëôîñôàòíóþ ñâÿçü (ïðîèçâîäíûå ïèðîâèíîãðàäíîé êèñëîòû):

ÑÎÎÍ    ÎÍ

I               I       

Ñ Î  ~  Ð = Î

II              I

ÑÍ2         ÎÍ

ôîñôîåíîëïèðîâèíîãðàäíàÿ êèñëîòà

 

 

á) ñîåäèíåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå êàðáîêñèë ôîñôàòíóþ ñâÿçü (â êàðáîêñèëüíîé ãðóïïå âìåñòî àòîìà âîäîðîäà íàõîäèòñÿ îñòàòîê ôîñôîðíîé êèñëîòû):

         Π             ÎÍ                    

         II               I                        

         Ñ Π ~   Ð = Π                        

         I                I                       

  Í ÑÎÍ       ÎÍ                      

         I                                      

        Π                                    

         I                                       

ÍÎÐÎÍ

        II                                    

        Π                                 

1,3 – äèôîñôîãëèöåðèíîâàÿ êèñëîòà

 

â) ñîåäèíåíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùèå ôîñôîàìèííóþ ñâÿçü.

            Í2NCÍÑÎÎÍ                                                                       

                      I                                                                            

                    (ÑÍ2)3

                      I        

                     NÍ

                      I        

            ÍN = Ñ      ÎÍ 

                      I        I                  

                ÍN  ~   Ð = Π         

                               I   

                              ÎÍ                

 Àðãåíèíôîñôàò

 

ã) àöåòèëêîýìçèí  À – ýòî ñîåäèíåíèå ñîäåðæèò âûñîêîýíåðãåòè÷åñêóþ ñâÿçü, ïðè åå ãèäðîëèçå âûñâîáîæäàåòñÿ 32,2 êäæ ýíåðãèè. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â áèîñèíòåçå æèðíûõ êèñëîò, ñòèðîëîâ, â ðàáîòå  öèêëà òðèêàðáîíîâûõ êèñëîò. Ýòî âåùåñòâî ñîäåðæèò êîôåðìåíò À, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ âàæíåéøèì àöèëèðóþùèì àãåíòîì êëåòêè.

                           Î

                           II

               ÑÍ3   Ñ Î  ~  Ê0 À

 

Àöåòèëêîýìçèì À

 

 

 

ä) àäåíîçèíòðèôîñôîðíàÿ êèñëîòà (ÀÒÔ)

                                                                                                                      NH2

                                                                                                                      I

                                                                                                                      Ñ           

                                                                                                                    /\\

                                                                                                            NÑ     N

                                                                                                            II   II      I         

                                                                                                         ÍC   Ñ    ÑÍ

                                      ÎÍ            ÎÍ            ÎÍ                               \/ \//

                                        I                I                I                                    N     N

                             ÎÍ Ð  ~   ΠР  ~   ΠР  ~   Π   ÑÍ2

                                       II               II               II                 I       Π               

                                       Î              Π              Π           ÍC              CÍ

                                                                                             \            /

                                                                                               ÍÑÑÍ

                                                                                                  I    I                  

                                                                                              ÍΠ  ÎÍ

 

 

                                   Àíãèäðèäíûå ñâÿçè     Ñëîæíîýôèðíàÿ ñâÿçü

                                         ( 30,4 êäæ )                   (14,1 êäæ)

 

 

Ïóòè ñèíòåçà ÀÒÔ â îðãàíèçìå:

Ôîòîñèíòåòè÷åñêèé.

Õåìîñèíòåòè÷åñêèé.

Ñóáñòðàòíîå ôîñôîðèëèðîâàíèå (îáðàçîâàíèå ìàêðîýðãè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ íà óðîâíå ñóáñòðàòà).

Îêèñëèòåëüíîå ôîñôîðèëèðîâàíèå(îáðàçîâàíèå ìàêðîýðãè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ â ýëåêòðîííî-òðàíñïîðòíîé öåïè).

 

Ïóòè ïîòðåáëåíèÿ êèñëîðîäà  îðãàíèçìîì:

 

Ïóòü ïîòðåáëåíèÿ Î2

Ôîðìà ïîòðåáëåíèÿ Î2

Ôóíêöèÿ â îðãàíèçìå

1.Îêñèäîðåäóêòàçíûé

(80-90%)

Í2Î

ýíåðãåòè÷åñêàÿ

2.Ñâîáîäíîå îêèñëåíèå

(10-20%)

 

 

à)ïåðîêñèäàçíûé

Í2Î2

îêèñëåíèå íåêîòîðûõ âîäîðàñòâîðèìûõ âåùåñòâ

á)îêñèãåíàçíûé

Î2âíåäðÿåòñÿ â ñóáñòðàò.

îêèñëåíèå ëèïîôèëüíûõ âåùåñòâ

â)ëèïîîêñèäàçíûé

Ïåðåêèñíîå ñîåäèíåíèå íà ìåìáðàíå

îáíîâëåíèå è ðàñïàä ìåìáðàí

 

1.Îêñèäîðåäóêòàçíûé ïóòü.

Ýòîò ïóòü ñîïðÿæåí ñ ïðîöåññàìè ôîñôîðèëèðîâàíèÿ (áèîñèíòåç ÀÒÔ).

Ïðîòåêàåò íà âíóòðåííåé ìåìáðàíå ìèòîõîíäðèé , ãäå ôóíêöèîíèðóåò  ñèñòåìà äûõàòåëüíûõ ôåðìåíòîâ.

Êîìïîíåíòû äûõàòåëüíîé öåïè ìèòîõîíäðèé:

1).ÀÍ2 + ÍÀÄ                   À  +  ÍÀÄÍ2  +  Å(èìïóëüñ ýíåðãèè)

 

Å  + ÀÄÔ + Í3ÐÎ4  =  ÀÒÔ

 

2). ÍÀÄÍ2  +  ÔÀÄ                   ÍÀÄ  +  ÔÀÄÍ2

 

3). ÔÀÄÍ2  +  êîôåðìåíò Q                 ÔÀÄ + êîôåðìåíò QÍ2

 

4). êîôåðìåíò QÍ2  + 2 öòõ Â(Få+3)                êîôåðìåíò Q + 2 öòõ Â(Få+2) +2Í+

 

5). 2 öòõ Â(Få+2) + 2 öòõ Ñ(Få+3 )                2 öòõ Â(Få+3) + 2 öòõ Ñ(Få+2) + Å

 

Å  + ÀÄÔ + Í3ÐÎ4  =  ÀÒÔ

 

6). 2 öòõ Ñ(Få+2) + 2 öòõ(àà3 Ñu+2 )               2 öòõ Ñ(Få+3 ) + 2 öòõ(àà3 Ñu+ )

7). 2 öòõ(àà3 Ñu+ ) + Î2 + 2Í+                2 öòõ(àà3 Ñu+2 ) + Í2Î + Å

 

Å  + ÀÄÔ + Í3ÐÎ4  =  ÀÒÔ

 

 

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà îêñèäîðåäóêòàç:

1.Ïåðâè÷íûå îñêèäîðåäóêòàçû:

Ýòî ïèðèäèí çàâèñèìûå äåãèäðîãåíàçû. Ñîäåðæàò â ñâî¸ì ñîñòàâå êîôåðìåíòû ÍÀÄ è ÍÀÄÔ. Àêòèâàòîðîì ýòèõ ôåðìåíòîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ èîí Zn2+

2.Ôëàâèíçàâèñèìûå îêñèäîðåäóêòàçû(÷àùå âòîðè÷íûå, íî áûâàþò è ïåðâè÷íûå): 

ÔÀÄ - ýòî ïðîñòåòè÷åñêàÿ ãðóïïà è îòäåëüíî íå ôóíêöèîíèðóåò( â îòëè÷èå îò ÍÀÄ). ÔÀÄ ðàáîòàåò â ÷åòâåðòè÷íîé ñòðóêòóðå. Àêòèâàòîðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èîí Få3+.

Êîôåðìåíò Q - ïðîèçâîäíîå áåíçîõèíîíà.

Áèîðîëü: ðàçúåäèíÿåò ïðîòîíû âîäîðîäà îò ýëåêòðîíîâ: ïðîòîíû â îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó, ýëåêòðîíû ê ñèñòåìå öèòîõðîì.

 

Ðàáîòàþò àíñàìáëè ôåðìåíòîâ êëàññà îêñèäîðåäóêòàç.

ÔÀÄ ðàáîòàåò ðåäêî, ÷àùå âñåãî ñ ñóáñòðàòîì ðàáîòàåò ÍÀÄ – îí ñíèìàåò 2Í+, âîññòàíàâëèâàÿñü â ÍÀÄÍ2.

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñèñòåìû öèòîõðîì:

Öèòîõðîìû - ýòî ñëîæíûå áåëêè õðîìîïðîòåèäû, ñîäåðæàùèå ïðîòîïîðôèíîâîå ÿäðî, â êîòîðîì  íàõîäÿòñÿ èîíû æåëåçà èëè ìåäè( ýòè èîíû ñïîñîáíû èçìåíÿòü ñòåïåíü îêèñëåíèÿ â ðåçóëüòàòå ïåðåíîñà ýëåêòðîíîâ).

Ðàçëè÷èÿ öèòîõðîìîâ â áåëêîâûõ îòâåòâëåíèÿõ. Ïî÷òè âñå ýòè ôåðìåíòû ðàáîòàþò â àíàýðîáíûõ óñëîâèÿõ, êðîìå öòõ à3 (àýðîáíûå óñëîâèÿ).

 

Ôîðìû áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îêèñëåíèÿ ñóáñòðàòîâ â îêñèäîðåäóêòàçíîì ïóòè:

1.Äåãèäðèðîâàíèå íàñûùåííûõ ñîåäèíåíèé ñ îáðàçîâàíèåì äâîéíîé ñâÿçè:

 

 

 

 

           ÑÎÎÍ                          ÑÎÎÍ

           I                                     I                       

   Í Ñ Í                             Ñ Í                         

           I          +  ÔÀÄ              II                    +  ÔÀÄÍ2

   Í Ñ Í                             Ñ Í                   

           I                                     I                          

           ÑÎÎÍ                          ÑÎÎÍ                          

ßíòàðíàÿ êèñëîòà            Ôóìàðîâàÿ êèñëîòà         ñèñòåìó

                                                                                 äûõàòåëüíûõ 

                                                                                  ôåðìåíòîâ

                                                                                        2 ÀÒÔ

 

2.Äåãèäðèðîâàíèå ñïèðòîâ:  

           ÑÎÎÍ                                  ÑÎÎÍ

           I                                            I 

   Í Ñ ÎÍ                                 Ñ =  Î

           I            + ÍÀÄ                     I                 +           ÍÀÄÍ2.

           ÑÍ2                                                             ÑÍ2  

           I                                            I

           ÑÎÎÍ                                  ÑÎÎÍ

ßáëî÷íàÿ êèñëîòà                         ÙÓÊ              ñèñòåìó äûõàòåëüíûõ       

                                                                                        ôåðìåíòîâ   

                                                                                         3 ÀÒÔ

              Í                                             Î

              I                                               II

  ÑÍ3 Ñ ÎÍ + ÍÀÄ             ÑÍ3 Ñ Í         +           ÍÀÄÍ2.

              I                                                               Â ñèñòåìó äûõàòåëüíûõ

             Í                            Óêñóñíûé àëüäåãèä                ôåðìåíòîâ

Ýòèëîâûé ñïèðò                                                                3 ÀÒÔ

2.Îêèñëåíèå àëüäåãèäîâ:

            Î                                         ÎÍ                                      Î

            II                                          I                                          II   

ÑÍ3 Ñ Í  +  ÍÎÍ          ÑÍ3 Ñ Í  + ÍÀÄ          ÑÍ3 Ñ ÎÍ  + ÍÀÄÍ2.

Óêñóñíûé àëüäåãèä                         I                            Óêñóñíàÿ êèñëîòà

                                                        ÎÍ                                 

                                                                                    Â ñèñòåìó äûõàòåëüíûõ

                                                                                           ôåðìåíòîâ

 

                                                                                                    3 ÀÒÔ

 

2.Ñâîáîäíîå îêèñëåíèå.

Èìååò ðÿä îñîáåííîñòåé:

Îíî íå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèåé ýíåðãèè â ìàêðîýðãè÷åñêèå ñâÿçè. Ýíåðãèÿ ïåðåõîäèò â òåïëîâóþ è ðàññåèâàåòñÿ.

Ñâîåîáðàçíîå ñïåöèôè÷åñêîå ñòðîåíèå öèòîõðîìîâ (â ÷àñòíîñòè, öòõ Ð-450) è âûñîêîå èõ ñðîäñòâî ê êèñëîðîäó.

Ïåðîêñèäàçíûé ïóòü:

ÀÍ2 + Î2               À + Í2Î2

Òàêèå ðåàêöèè øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû â ðàñòèòåëüíûõ êëåòêàõ. Îáðàçîâàâøèéñÿ ïåðîêñèä âîäîðîäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îáåçâðåæèâàíèÿ áîëåçíåòâîðíûõ ìèêðîîðãàíèçìîâ.

2. Îêñèãåíàçíûé ïóòü:

Êèñëîðîä âíåäðÿåòñÿ â  ñóáñòðàò. Âûäåëÿþò:

à)ìîíîîêñèãåíàçíûé ïóòü: â ñóáñòðàò âíåäðÿåòñÿ îäèí àòîì êèñëîðîäà. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ îêèñëåíèÿ ïðèðîäíûõ âåùåñòâ â õîäå ñèíòåçà æåë÷íûõ êèñëîò, ñòèðîèäíûõ ãîðìîíîâ èç õîëåñòåðèíà; ïðè îêèñëåíèè àìèíîêèñëîò, îêñèêèñëîò, íî áîëüøóþ ðîëü èãðàåò ïðè îáåçâðåæèâàíèè ëåêàðñòâåííûõ ïðåïàðàòîâ, ÿäîâ, êñåíîáèîòèêîâ. Ìîíîîêñèäàçû ñîäåðæàò Ñu+, êîòîðûé îòäàåò ýëåêòðîíû êèñëîðîäó, à çàòåì çàáèðàåò ýëåêòðîíû ó ôåðìåíòîâ îêñèäîðåäóêòàçíîãî ïóòè. Íàïðèìåð:

NÍ2    ÑÍ ÑÎÎÍ                                    NÍ2    ÑÍ ÑÎÎÍ

              I                                                                    I

              ÑÍ2                                                                ÑÍ2 

              I                                                                    I 

              Ñ                                                                  Ñ

            /\\                                                              / \\                

       ÍÑ     ÑÍ                              öòõ Ð-450         ÍÑ    ÑÍ

          II      I      +   Î2+ ÍÀÄÍ2                                   II     I        +   Í2Î+ ÍÀÄ

       ÍÑ      ÑÍ                                                      ÍÑ     ÑÍ

            \//                                                               \ //                                                 

              ÑÍ                                                                 Ñ             

                                                                                     I     

                                                                                     ÎÍ                                                               

           Ôåíèëàëàíèí                                                      Òèðîçèí   

 

 

 

Ôåðìåíò: ôåíèëàëàíèíìîíîîêñèãåíàçà.

á) äèîêñèãåíàçíûé ïóòü – âíåäðåíèå â ñóáñòðàò äâóõ àòîìîâ êèñëîðîäà (íàïðèìåð,  îêèñëåíèå êàðîòèíà â âèòàìèí À). Àêòèâàòîðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ Fe+2.

Îäíà èç ãëàâíûõ ôóíêöèé ñâîáîäíîãî îêèñëåíèÿ - äåòîêñèêàöèÿ êñåíîáèîòèêîâ. Êñåíîáèîòèêè - ýòî âåùåñòâà, ïîëó÷åííûå ñèíòåòè÷åñêèì ïóò¸ì è íå âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ â ïðèðîäå. Áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìóòàãåíàìè.  íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ èçâåñòíî îêîëî 60 000 êñåíîáèîòèêèâ. Îäíèì èç îïàñíûõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ äèîêñèí è åãî ïðîèçâîäíûå. Äèîêñèí ñîäåðæèòñÿ â âûõëîïíûõ ãàçàõ àâòîìîáèëåé, âûäåëÿåòñÿ ïðè ïðîèçâîäñòâå áóìàãè, ïðè ìåòàëëóðãè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññàõ, ïðè ãîðåíèè ãîðîäñêèõ ñâàëîê( îñîáåííî òàì, ãäå íàõîäÿòñÿ ïëàñòìàññà è ðåçèíà), ìîæåò îáðàçîâûâàòüñÿ ïðè î÷èñòêå âîäû , ñîäåðæàùåé ôåíîë. Åæåãîäíî â àòìîñôåðó âûáðàñûâàåòñÿ 62 ìëí. òîíí âðåäíûõ âåùåñòâ. Äèîêñèí â 500 ðàç òîêñè÷íåå öèàíèñòîãî êàëèÿ.

           Í-Ñ    Π  Ñ-Í

            // \/\/ \\

     Ñl - Ñ   Ñ   Ñ     Ñ - Ñl

            I     II   II      I

     Ñl - Ñ    Ñ   Ñ    Ñ - Ñl

            \\ / \/ \//

           Í-Ñ    Π   Ñ-Í

                Äèîêñèí

 

Âñåãî 75 ïðîèçâîäíûõ ýòîãî âåùåñòâà. Äèîêñèí - ýòî èììóííîñóïðåññîð (“õèìè÷åñêèé ÑÏÈÄ”). Î÷åíü ñòàáèëåí (ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ â ïî÷âå, â äîííûõ îñàäêàõ), ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ æèðàìè, ñïîñîáåí ïðîõîäèòü ÷åðåç ïëàöåíòàðíûé áàðüåð, êëåòî÷íóþ è ÿäåðíóþ ìåìáðàíû, âûçûâàåò ýêñïðåññèþ ðÿäà ãåíîâ (óðîäñòâà ó ýìáðèîíîâ, îíêîëîãè÷åñêèå çàáîëåâàíèÿ ó âçðîñëûõ), íàêàïëèâàåòñÿ â ïîëîâûõ êëåòêàõ, ïåðåäà¸òñÿ ñ ìîëîêîì ìàòåðè ðåá¸íêó.

Æèâîé îðãàíèçì âûðàáàòûâàåò çàùèòó îò êñåíîáèîòèêîâ (â ïðîöåññå ñâîáîäíîãî îêèñëåíèÿ ñ ó÷àñòèåì õðîìîïðîòåèäîâ, â ÷àñòíîñòè, öòõ Ð-450).

Öèòîõðîì Ð-450 îáëàäàåò ìíîæåñòâîì ôîðì (ñîòíè è òûñÿ÷è). Âñå ýòè ôîðìû âîçíèêàþò â îòâåò íà ââåäåíèå òîãî èëè èíîãî êëàññà êñåíîáèîòèêîâ (êàê àíòèòåëà ñèíòåçèðóþòñÿ íà ïðèñóòñòâèå àíòèãåíà). Ïîýòîìó öèòîõðîì Ð-450 íàçûâàþò ìåìáðàííûì èììóíîãëîáèíîì.

Ëèòåðàòóðà.

Àëüáåðòñ Á. Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ áèîëîãèÿ êëåòêè. - Ì.: Íàóêà, 1978.

Àñàòèàíè Â.Ñ. Õèìèÿ íàøåãî îðãàíèçìà. - Ì.: Ìûñëü, 1969.

Áåëîçåðñêèé À.Í. Ìîëåêóëÿðíàÿ áèîëîãèÿ - íîâàÿ ñòóïåíü â ïîçíàíèè áèîëîãèè. - Ì.: Íàóêà, 1996.

Áåðåçîâ Ò.Ò. è äð. Áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õèìèÿ. - Ì.: Ïðîñâåùåíèå, 1990.

Áðåññëåð Ñ.Å. Ââåäåíèå â ìîëåêóëÿðíóþ áèîëîãèþ. - Ì.: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1966.

Âîëüêåíøòåéí Ì.Â. Ìîëåêóëû è æèçíü. - Ì.: Íàóêà, 1965.

Ãðèí Ä. Ìîëåêóëÿðíûå îñíîâû æèçíè. - Ì.: Ìèð, 1968.

Êíîððå Ä.Ã., Ìûçèíà Ñ.Ä. Áèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õèìèÿ. - Ì.: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1998.

Ëåíèíäæåð À. Áèîõèìèÿ. - Ì.: Ìèð, 1974.

Íèêîëàåâ Ë.À. Õèìèÿ æèçíè. - Ì.: Ïðîñâåùåíèå, 1973.

Ðîóç, Ñòèâåí. Õèìèÿ æèçíè. - Ì.: Ìèð, 1971.

Ñòàðç Ä. Ìîëåêóëû æèçíè. - Ì.: Ìèð, 1976.

Ñòðàéåð, Ëþáåðò. Áèîõèìèÿ. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1984.

Ôèëèïïîâè÷ Þ.Â. Îñíîâû áèîõèìèè. - Ì.: Âûñøàÿ øêîëà, 1969.